SnowMIP2 Questionnaire
     
What is the name of your model?    
     
What are the main applications of your model  
  Climate modelling   Y / N  
  Meteorological forecasting   Y / N  
  Meteorological research    Y / N  
  Hydrological forecasting    Y / N  
  Hydrological research    Y / N  
  Avalanche forecasting    Y / N  
  Avalanche research    Y / N  
  Other?    
 
     
1. CANOPY PROCESSES
     
1.1 Are the canopy and the ground represented as separate model layers?  
    Y / N  
  If yes, how many layers are there in the canopy?   
     
 
1.2 What type of scheme is used for canopy transmission of shortwave radiation? 
  No SW transmission   Y / N  
  Beer's law   Y / N  
  Two-stream approximation   Y / N  
  Other?    
     
1.3 Which quantities does canopy transmissivity depend on?   
  Canopy type   Y / N  
  Leaf area index   Y / N  
  Leaf angle distribution   Y / N  
  Canopy height   Y / N  
  Canopy closure   Y / N  
  Canopy clumping   Y / N  
  Intercepted snow load   Y / N  
  Solar elevation   Y / N   
  Other?    
     
1.4 Which quantities does canopy albedo depend on?    
  Canopy type   Y / N  
  Leaf area index   Y / N  
  Leaf angle distribution   Y / N  
  Canopy height   Y / N  
  Canopy closure   Y / N  
  Canopy clumping   Y / N  
  Intercepted snow load   Y / N  
  Solar elevation   Y / N   
  Fraction of snowcover   Y / N   
  Other?    
 
1.5 Are multiple reflections between the canopy and the ground included?  
    Y / N  
     
1.6 What type of scheme is used for canopy transmission of longwave radiation? 
  No LW transmission   Y / N    
  Beer's law   Y / N    
  Two-stream approximation   Y / N    
  Other?    
 
1.7 What value is used for canopy longwave emissivity?  
     
     
1.8 Which quantities does sub-canopy downward longwave radiation depend on?
  Canopy skin temperature   Y / N  
  Canopy bulk temperature   Y / N  
  Above-canopy LW radiation   Y / N  
  Leaf area index   Y / N  
  Sky view fraction   Y / N  
  Canopy closure   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
1.9 Does the canopy intercept falling snow?  
    Y / N  
 
1.10 Which quantities does interception rate depend on?   
  Canopy type   Y / N  
  Leaf area index   Y / N  
  Existing snow load   Y / N  
  Snowfall rate   Y / N   
  Other?    
 
1.11 Which quantities does canopy capacity depend on?   
  Canopy type   Y / N  
  Leaf area index   Y / N  
  Clumping   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
1.12 Is the same canopy capacity used for snow and liquid water?  
    Y / N  
  If no, please comment on the difference:  
     
 
1.13 Which processes remove snow from the canopy?  
  Unloading of snow   Y / N  
  Sublimation of snow   Y / N  
  Drip of meltwater   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
1.14 Which quantities does the unloading rate depend on?  
  Intercepted snow load   Y / N  
  Air temperature   Y / N  
  Canopy temperature   Y / N  
  Windspeed   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
1.15 Are sensible heat fluxes to / from sub-canopy snow represented?  
    Y / N  
 
1.16 Are latent heat fluxes to / from sub-canopy snow represented?  
    Y / N  
 
1.17 Which quantities do sub-canopy turbulent fluxes depend on?  
  Canopy height   Y / N  
  Canopy roughness length   Y / N  
  Surface roughness length   Y / N  
  Displacement height   Y / N  
  Leaf area index   Y / N  
  Canopy closure   Y / N  
  Stability (Obukhov length)   Y / N  
  Stability (Richardson no.)   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
1.18 Which quantities do above-canopy turbulent fluxes depend on?  
  Canopy height   Y / N  
  Canopy roughness length   Y / N  
  Surface roughness length   Y / N  
  Displacement height   Y / N  
  Leaf area index   Y / N  
  Canopy closure   Y / N  
  Stability (Obukhov length)   Y / N  
  Stability (Richardson no.)   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
1.19 Does the canopy energy balance include a heat capacity?  
    Y / N  
 
1.20 Which quantities does canopy heat capacity depend on?   
  Canopy type   Y / N  
  Canopy height   Y / N  
  Leaf area index   Y / N  
  Intercepted snow load   Y / N  
  Intercepted liquid load   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
1.21 Does the canopy energy balance include snowmelt?  
    Y / N  
 
 
2. SNOW PROCESSES
     
2.1 Is snow on the ground represented by one or more distinct model layers?  
    Y / N  
     
2.2 How many layers are there in the snow model?   
  Maximum    
  Minimum    
     
2.3 Are the following snow properties variable in time?  
  Albedo   Y / N  
  Density   Y / N  
  Heat capacity   Y / N  
  Thermal conductivity   Y / N  
  Porosity   Y / N  
  Liquid water content   Y / N  
  Surface roughness   Y / N  
  Grain size   Y / N  
     
2.4 Which quantities does snow albedo depend on?  
  Snow depth   Y / N  
  Snow temperature   Y / N  
  Snow age   Y / N  
  Snow grain size   Y / N  
  Snow grain shape   Y / N  
  Liquid water content   Y / N  
  Snow contaminants   Y / N  
  Snow-free albedo   Y / N  
  Solar elevation   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
2.5 Does fresh snowfall have a fixed density?  
    Y / N  
       If yes, what is the fixed density?    
 
2.6 Which quantities does fresh snow density depend on?  
  Air temperature   Y / N  
  Windspeed   Y / N  
  Other?    
     
2.7 Is a snowcover fraction calculated?   
    Y / N  
 
2.8 Which quantities does snowcover fraction depend on?  
  Snow depth   Y / N  
  Surface roughness   Y / N  
  Vegetation type   Y / N  
  Vegetation height   Y / N  
  Other?    
 
2.9 Are separate energy balances calculated for snow and snow-free ground? 
    Y / N  
 
2.10 Is heat advected to the snowpack by the following processes?  
  Rainfall   Y / N  
  Snowfall   Y / N  
  Drip of canopy water   Y / N  
  Unloading of canopy snow   Y / N  
 
2.11 Can the snowpack retain liquid water?  
    Y / N  
 
2.12 Can liquid water freeze within the snowpack?  
    Y / N  
 
 
3. SOIL PROCESSES
   
3.1 Did you use the soil temperature and moisture data provided to initialize your model? 
    Y / N    
   
3.2 Did you use the soil texture information provided?    
    Y / N    
   
3.3 Are heat tranfers between snow and soil modelled?    
    Y / N    
 
3.4 How many layers are there in the soil model?  
     
     
3.5 Is soil freezing represented?   Y / N  
     
3.6 If you returned surface layer soil temperature, what is the layer thickness? 
     
     
3.7 If you returned surface layer soil moisture, what is the layer thickness?   
     
 
 
4. DRIVING DATA
 
4.1 Which of the supplied drinving data are required by your model?  
  Incoming LW radiation   Y / N  
  Incoming SW radiation   Y / N  
  Snowfall rate   Y / N  
  Rainfall rate   Y / N  
  Air temperature   Y / N  
  Wind speed   Y / N  
  Relative humidity   Y / N  
 
4.2 List any driving data that are required by your model but were not supplied
     
 
4.3 Did you use the snowfall exactly as specified in the driving data?  
    Y / N  
  If not, please describe how precipitation was partitioned into snow and rain  
     
     
4.4 Are separate direct and diffuse shortwave radiation required by your model?
    Y / N  
  If yes, how did you partition the total shortwave radiation supplied in the forcing data?
     
 
4.5 Is shortwave radiation in spectral bands required by your model?  
    Y / N  
  If yes, how did you partition the total shortwave radiation supplied in the forcing data?
     
 
 
5. CALIBRATION
 
5.1 Did you use the SWE data provided to calibrate your model?   
    Y / N  
 
5.2 Which objective function or method did you use?  
  Average error   Y / N  
  Root mean square error   Y / N  
  Correlation   Y / N  
  Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency   Y / N  
  Other?    
            
5.3 Alptal calibration      
  Describe the parameters you changed and give chosen values for Alp_for_0203
     
  Did you transfer these parameter values to Alp_for_0304?   
    Y / N  
  Did any of these parameter changes influence the Alp_opn simulations?  
    Y / N  
 
5.4 BERMS calibration      
  Describe the parameters you changed and give chosen values for BRM_for_0203
     
  Did you transfer these parameter values to BRM_for_0304?   
    Y / N  
  Did any of these parameter changes influence the BRM_opn simulations?  
    Y / N  
 
5.5 Fraser calibration      
  Describe the parameters you changed and give chosen values for Frs_for_0304
     
  Did you transfer these parameter values to Frs_for_0405?   
    Y / N  
  Did any of these parameter changes influence the Frs_opn simulations?  
    Y / N  
 
5.6 Hyytiala calibration      
  Describe the parameters you changed and give chosen values for Hyy_for_0304
     
  Did you transfer these parameter values to Hyy_for_0405?   
    Y / N  
  Did any of these parameter changes influence the Hyy_opn simulations?  
    Y / N  
            
5.7 Did you change any parameters for Hitsujigaoka simulations based on experience
of calibrating at the other sites?   Y / N  
  If yes, describe the parameters you changed and give chosen values  
     
 
5.8 Do you have any comments on how easy or useful it was to calibrate your model?