Non-Seismic Monitoring

There are several non-seismic monitoring techniques which can be used on CO2 storage sites:

• Electric and Electromagnetic Waves

  This method measures the conductivity of the subsurface and can detect changes in fluid composition such as displacement of saline water by CO2.

• Gravity Measurements

  This technique measures the gravity responses to changes in the subsurface caused by the displacement of one fluid by another of a different density (e.g. CO2 replacing water).

• Tilt Meters and Remote Sensing

  Accurate measurement of ground displacements resulting from subsurface CO2 movement can be used to monitor the progress of CO2 through the subsurface.